Teknologi, demokrati og en avgjort fremtid
En studie av teknologimanifesters konstruksjon av en nødvendig endestasjon
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52610/rhs.v30i92.471Nyckelord:
teknologi, manifester, konstitutiv retorikk, transhumanismeAbstract
Ny teknologi kan føre med seg store endringer. Samtidig er ikke slike endringer løsrevet fra politiske beslutninger. I denne konteksten følges gjerne introduksjonen av ny teknologi av debatter over teknologiens implikasjoner. En del av disse debattene er teknologiske manifester, en teksttype som kombinerer spekulasjon om hvordan fremtiden kommer til å se ut med politisk argumentasjon.
I denne teksten undersøker jeg to eksempler på teknologiske manifester. Først John Perry Barlows A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace og fra nyere tid Marc Andreessens The Techno-Optimist Manifesto. Tekstene er valgt fordi de er innflytelsesrike, og fordi de responderer på regulering og begrensning av teknologi. Artikkelen fokuserer på to forskningsspørsmål:
1. Hvordan konstruerer disse to manifestene teknologisk endring og fremskritt?
2. Hvordan skaper manifestene politiske subjekter koblet til teknologiens utvikling?
Gjennom å besvare disse forskningsspørsmålene diskuteres så hva tekstene kan lære oss om teknologimanifester, og hvordan manifestene speiler teknologiens utvikling over tid.
Referenser
a16z.com. (u.d.–a). About. a16z.com. https://a16z.com/about/
a16z.com. (u.d.–b). More about aarc. a16z.com. https://a16z.com/author/marc-andreessen/
Andreessen, M. (2023). The techno-optimist manifesto. https://a16z.com/the-techno-optimist-manifesto/ 16.10.2023.
Ariel, N. (2022). Language games with 'Manifesto'. Culture, Theory and Critique, 63(2-3), 125–135.
Barlow, J. P. (1996). Declaration of independence for cyberspace. Electronic Frontier Foundation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37514/RNT-J.1996.3.6.21
Campbell, J. (2008). The hero with a thousand faces (Vol. 17). New World Library. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2021.1984970 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2021.1984970
Charland, M. (1987). Constitutive rhetoric: The case of the Peuple Quebecois. Quarterly journal of Speech, 73(2), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638709383799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638709383799
Chrysagis, E., & Kompatsiaris, P. (2022). Introduction: manifestos of the contemporary. In (Vol. 63, pp. 119–124): Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2023.2247192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2023.2247192
Foster, K. R., Vecchia, P., & Repacholi, M. H. (2000). Science and the precautionary principle. Science, 288(5468), 979–981. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5468.979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5468.979
Graeber, D. (2015). The utopia of rules: On technology, stupidity, and the secret joys of bureaucracy. Melville House.
Greenberg, A. (2016, 02.08.2016). It’s been 20 years since this man declared cyberspace independence. Wired. https://web.archive.org/web/20160208175322/https://www.wired.com/2016/02/its-been-20-years-since-this-man-declared-cyberspace-independence/
Herrick, J. A. (2017). Visions of technological transcendence: Human enhancement and the rhetoric of the future. Parlor Press LLC.
Iversen, S., & Villadsen, L. S. (2020). Nærlæsning. I Retorik og metode (s. 29–48). Samfundslitteratur.
Junker, C. (2022). Claiming class: The manifesto between categorical disruption and stabilisation. Culture, Theory and Critique, 63(2-3), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2023.2214860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2023.2214860
Kay, G. (2022, 29.09.2025). Elon Musk's private Signal chats with famed investor Marc Andreessen show how short and sweet deal-making can be if you're a big fish. Buisness Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-signal-messages-marc-andreessen-deal-making-twitter-investment-2022-9
Kelly, K. (2010). What technology wants. Penguin.
Kurlander, D. (2022, 19.05.2022). 'The pollution of computer communications': The communications decency act and the 1990s battle over online speech. CAFE. https://cafe.com/article/the-pollution-of-computer-communications-the-communications-decency-act-and-the-1990s-battle-over-online-speech/
Lyon, J. (1999). Manifestoes and public spheres probing modernity. I Manifestoes, provocations of the Modern (s. 9–45). Cornell University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728358
Mack, C. A. (2011). Fifty years of Moore's law. IEEE Transactions on semiconductor manufacturing, 24(2), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSM.2010.2096437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSM.2010.2096437
Marinetti, F. T. (1909). The futurist manifesto. Le Figaro, 20, 39–44.
Miklaucic, S. (2025). John Perry Barlow. I Encyclopedia Britannica.
Mills, R. E. (2014). The pirate and the sovereign: Negative identification and the constitutive rhetoric of the Nation-State. Rhetoric and public affairs, 17(1), 105–136. https://doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.17.1.0105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.17.1.0105
Mucci, T. (u.d.). IBM, What is the technological singularity? IBM. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/technological-singularity
Ovide, S. (2020, 06.04.2020). The cult of the tech genius. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/technology/the-cult-of-the-tech-genius.html
Postigo, H. (2008). Capturing fair use for the YouTube generation: The digital rights movement, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the user-centered framing of fair use. Information, Communication & Society, 11(7), 1008–1027. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802109071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802109071
Pringle, E. (2024, 11.12.2024). Marc Andreessen says half of his time goes to helping Trump at Mar-a-Lago. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2024/12/11/marc-andreessen-half-time-florida-trump-business-policies/
Microsoft Research. (2014, 07.09.2014). What technology wants. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcAef1ogfgU&t=3517s
Therkildsen, L. S. (2025). Konstitutiv retorikk. I K. Bjørkdahl (Red.), Nordisk Retorikkleksikon.
Tiku, N. (2025, 12.07.2025). Exclusive: Tech billionaire Trump adviser Marc Andreessen says universities will ‘pay the price’ for DEI. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/07/12/marc-andreessen-private-chat-universities-diversity/
Turner, F. (2010). From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism. University of Chicago Press.
White, J. B. (1985). Law as rhetoric, rhetoric as law: The arts of cultural and communal life. The University of Chicago Law Review, 52(3), 684–702. https://doi.org/10.2307/1599632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1599632
Yanoshevsky, G. (2009). Three decades of writing on manifesto: The making of a genre. Poetics today, 30(2), 257–286. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-2008-010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-2008-010
Youman, M. (1996). The Electronic Frontier Foundation: A sojourn in washington. LBJ J. Pub. Aff., 8, 19.
##submission.downloads##
Publicerad
Referera så här
Nummer
Sektion
Licens
Copyright (c) 2026 Rhetorica Scandinavica
Detta verk är licensierat under en Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-IngaBearbetningar 4.0 Internationell-licens.
Open Access; CC Erkännande-IckeKommersiell-IngaBearbetningar 4.0
